abstract：:Endocrinopathies are significant consequences of the treatment of childhood cancers. The risk of developing these adverse events is related to the underlying disease and its treatment with cytotoxic agents and radiation therapy. This article reviews hypothalamic-pituitary, thyroid, and gonadal dysfunction, as well as ...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Cohen LE

更新日期：2005-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Establishing the cause of Cushing's syndrome (CS) is one of the most challenging processes in clinical endocrinology. Biochemical testing, including measurement of plasma adrenocorticotropin (ACTH), high-dose dexamethasone suppression, and corticotropin-releasing hormone stimulation testing, is integral to the differe...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Lindsay JR,Nieman LK

更新日期：2005-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:CVD is the primary cause of morbidity and mortality in patients who have diabetes mellitus. Most such patients have at least one lipid abnormality. Managing these complex lipid disorders is a crucial component of comprehensive diabetes mellitus care and limits the risk for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. With ...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Kendall DM

更新日期：2005-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:More than 80% of women experience psychologic or physical symptoms in the late reproductive years, with varying degrees of severity and disruption in their lives. Patients and clinicians have misconceptions about what changes are considered "normal" or"abnormal" during this period. Of importance to clinicians, large-s...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Gracia CR,Freeman EW

更新日期：2004-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The goal of this article is to differentiate the insulin resistance syndrome from the metabolic syndrome. In the case of the insulin resistance syndrome, the abnormalities and clinical syndromes that are increased in prevalence in insulin-resistant individuals have been summarized, with a brief discussion of the causa...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Reaven G

更新日期：2004-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Obesity in adults is associated with excess mortality and excess risk of coronary heart disease, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, gallbladder disease, certain cancers, and osteoarthritis. Overweight children often become overweight adults, and overweight in adulthood is a health risk. Although childhood overwei...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Ogden CL,Carroll MD,Flegal KM

更新日期：2003-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Exercise is an important component of behavioral weight control interventions, and exercise may be most effective for weight control when combined with modifications to energy intake. Clinicians should initially encourage overweight and obese adults to adopt at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity exercise per week...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Jakicic JM

更新日期：2003-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Approximately one half of young women who have 46,XX spontaneous premature ovarian failure have ovarian follicles remaining in the ovary. These follicles function intermittently and unpredictably, and pregnancies can occur in these women without intervention, even many years after the diagnosis. Clearly, the term "pre...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Nelson LM,Bakalov VK

更新日期：2003-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Morbid obesity has reached epidemic proportions in the United States. Unfortunately, medical interventions have been largely ineffective in this growing population. Currently bariatric surgery is the most effective intervention in managing morbid obesity and its comorbidities. As more patients become eligible for and ...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Stocker DJ

更新日期：2003-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:There are many pathways that might lead to decreased bone mass, skeletal fragility, and increased fracture risk in osteoporosis. Some of these have been clearly identified, such as estrogen deficiency. Others that were conceived on the basis of experimental findings and recent scientific discoveries such as abnormalit...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Raisz LG,Rodan GA

更新日期：2003-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Raloxifene, the first of the second-generation of SERMs to be widely available, represents a significant improvement over tamoxifen. It prevents postmenopausal bone loss and reduces the incidence of vertebral fractures and of new breast cancer cases in osteoporotic patients without stimulating the endometrium. The sug...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Fontana A,Delmas PD

更新日期：2003-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Urinary stone disease is the only clinical presentation in patients with cystinuria. Two genes have been associated with type I (SLC3A1) and non-type I (SLC7A9) cystinuria and multiple mutations of these genes have been identified. The type I form is completely recessive while the non-type I form is incompletely reces...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Shekarriz B,Stoller ML

更新日期：2002-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In this article we present factors that determine whether one can trust the results of studies that describe the properties of diagnostic tests. We review the ways in which the results of such studies could be presented to the readers and consider factors that determine the value of such reports in one's own clinical ...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Jaeschke R,Guyatt GH,Montori VM

更新日期：2002-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This systematic review highlights the uncertainty about the safety and efficacy of glucocorticoid withdrawal in many chronic diseases, elucidating the need for further research in this area. The problem of glucocorticoid withdrawal seems to be good example for wide variation in physicians' approaches to weaning patien...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Richter B,Neises G,Clar C

更新日期：2002-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The immune system, through a complex interplay of highly specialized cells and a seemingly endless number of soluble mediators, works to ensure protection from the potentially harmful pathogens that we encounter in our lifetime. The development of the immune system is a compromise between the necessity to recognize fo...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Robles DT,Eisenbarth GS

更新日期：2002-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The development of vaccines is arguably the most significant achievement in medicine to date. The practice of innoculation with the fluid from a sore to protect from a disease actually dates back to ancient China; however, with the introduction of Jenner's smallpox vaccine, and greater understanding of the immune syst...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Urbanek-Ruiz I,Ruiz PJ,Steinman L,Fathman CG

更新日期：2002-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Mediators of neuroendocrine and autonomic function seem to play important roles in the core symptoms of major depression. Although centrally directed corticotropin-releasing hormones and norepinephrine contribute to core symptoms such as alterations in anxiety, arousal, and mood, they also exert significant potentiall...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Gold PW,Gabry KE,Yasuda MR,Chrousos GP

更新日期：2002-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This article addresses the role of insulin resistance in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. The major causes of acquired insulin resistance including aging, pregnancy, lack of physical activity, and obesity are discussed briefly. The role of free fatty acids (FFAs) as a link between obesity and insulin resistance/ty...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Boden G

更新日期：2001-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In adults, GHD is a clinical syndrome that occurs in patients with pituitary or hypothalamic disease. It may be asymptomatic or present with relatively nonspecific constitutional symptoms. Most patients have abnormal body composition, consisting of increased fat mass and decreased lean mass. Life expectancy is signifi...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Stavrou S,Kleinberg DL

更新日期：2001-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The regulation of energy balance is enormously complex, with numerous genetic, hormonal, neural/behavioral, and societal influences. Although the current epidemic of obesity has its underpinnings in the changes in culture during the last half century, the role of the neuroendocrine system in the genesis of obesity is ...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Lustig RH

更新日期：2001-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Serum thyroglobulin measurement has greatly facilitated the clinical management of patients with differentiated thyroid cancer and a variety of other thyroid disorders. Thyroglobulin autoantibodies remain a significant obstacle to the clinical use of thyroglobulin measurement. The interpretation of any given thyroglob...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Torréns JI,Burch HB

更新日期：2001-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:P450c17 commands a central role in human steroidogenesis as the qualitative regulator of steroid hormone flux. Consequently, the study of P450c17 deficiencies in human beings serves to illustrate many aspects of the physiology of steroid biosynthesis and to demonstrate salient features of the genetics and biochemistry...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Auchus RJ

更新日期：2001-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Recent advances in the genetics of the family of 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3 beta-HSD) enzymes have helped in the understanding of the molecular basis and hormonal phenotype of bona fide 3 beta-HSD deficiency congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH). This article revisits the clinical spectra of 3 beta-HSD defi...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Pang S

更新日期：2001-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The degree of hyperglycemia may be an important predictor of morbidity and mortality among patients with MI or stroke, and in those undergoing surgical procedures including coronary artery bypass. Hyperglycemia should be aggressively controlled from the time of hospital admission regardless of the patient's primary me...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Levetan CS,Magee MF

更新日期：2000-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Combined clinical and laboratory investigations of MEN-1 have resulted in an increased understanding of this disorder, which may be inherited as an autosomal dominant condition. Defining the features of each disease manifestation in MEN-1 has improved patient management and treatment and has facilitated a screening pr...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Thakker RV

更新日期：2000-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The notion that Graves' ophthalmopathy is an autoimmune disease has been based primarily on the clinical associations between it and Graves' hyperthyroidism, and on the frequently beneficial response of the disease to immunosuppressive therapy. Recent advances in molecular biology have led to new insights into the pat...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Bahn RS

更新日期：2000-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The study of genetic syndromes associated with adrenocortical tumors (Beckwith-Wiedemann, Li-Fraumeni, McCune-Albright, Carney, and multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1) has shed light on the molecular basis of tumorigenesis. Abnormalities at the 11p15 locus appear as crucial and frequent events found specifically in m...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Gicquel C,Bertherat J,Le Bouc Y,Bertagna X

更新日期：2000-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Two biproducts of the revolution in diagnostic imaging techniques are unintended discoveries, and uncertainty for the patient and the clinician. To address the uncertainty associated with adrenal incidentalomas, clinicians need to understand the definition, differential diagnosis, and options for assessment with respe...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Young WF Jr

更新日期：2000-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Glucose intolerance and diabetes are common complications of cystic fibrosis (CF), affecting up to 75% of the adult population. This article discusses the prevalence and pathophysiology of glucose tolerance abnormalities in CF, and reviews recent recommendations for diagnosis, screening, and management of CF-related d...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Hardin DS,Moran A

更新日期：1999-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:To make a diagnosis of insulinoma, one must consider it. Neuroglycopenic symptoms are the most prominent and convincing, and the combination of hypoglycemia and endogenous hyperinsulinemia are diagnostic of insulinoma. A glucose level of approximately 40 mg/dL with a concomitant insulin level of 6 microU/mL, a C-pepti...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Grant CS

更新日期：1999-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:A series of investigations have emphasized the heterogeneous nature of the clinical condition known as PCOS and have delineated several factors that may contribute to the hyperandrogenemia and anovulation in this condition. Currently, it remains unclear whether intrinsic abnormalities of ovarian steroidogenesis, the e...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Marshall JC,Eagleson CA

更新日期：1999-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Both somatostatin analogues, which bind to the somatostatin receptor subtypes 2 and 5, and dopamine agonists, which are specific for the D2 receptor, have been used to treat acromegaly. Each of these classes of drugs contains several compounds that vary in duration of action, efficacy, and side effect profile. Althoug...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Newman CB

更新日期：1999-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Diseases in other organs may impair the male reproductive system. Acute critical conditions such as severe trauma, surgery, myocardial infarction, burns, liver failure, intoxication, or starvation are associated with suppression of gonadotropin secretion and secondary hypogonadism. With chronic illnesses, a primary te...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Baker HW

更新日期：1998-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Diuretics and beta-blockers have a strong tendency to affect serum lipids adversely, whereas the peripherally acting alpha-blocking agents consistently result in beneficial effects. Most of the other antihypertensive agents (calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor antagonists, and drugs that ...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Donahoo WT,Kosmiski LA,Eckel RH

更新日期：1998-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Lipoproteins are spherical macromolecular complexes in which hydrophobic molecules of triglyceride and cholesteryl ester are enveloped within a monolayer of amphipathic molecules of phospholipids, free cholesterol, and apoproteins. The major lipoprotein classes include intestinally derived chylomicrons that transport ...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Ginsberg HN

更新日期：1998-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The recent discovery of specific and sensitive biochemical markers reflecting the overall rate of bone formation and bone resorption has markedly improved the noninvasive assessment of bone turnover in various metabolic bone diseases, especially in osteoporosis. The immunoassay of human osteocalcin, recognizing the in...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Garnero P,Delmas PD

更新日期：1998-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Glucocorticoids are critical in the management of chronic, noninfectious, inflammatory diseases. Bone loss is a most devastating side effect of these powerful medications. Glucocorticoids produce bone loss by altering calcium metabolism, suppressing gonadal hormone production, and inhibiting bone formation. Now that t...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Lane NE,Lukert B

更新日期：1998-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This article explores many of the ophthalmologic aspects of thyroid-related orbitopathy. The eight main areas of clinical concern--ocular comfort, optic nerve function, exophthalmos, eyelid position, diplopia, cosmesis, soft-tissue signs, and psychologic factors--are discussed so that practitioners may be more secure ...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Gladstone GJ

更新日期：1998-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Thyroid nodules are extremely common, affecting from 4% to 7% of the population. Fine-needle aspiration biopsy is the most accurate and cost-effective technique for nodule diagnosis. It is simple, safe, and should be the first test used in patient work-up. Routine thyroxine (T4) suppressive therapy is no longer recomm...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Gharib H

更新日期：1997-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:With building pressure for cost-containment of medical expenditures, the medical community is finding it increasingly necessary to justify its procedures and systems of care. The analysis of health care outcomes has been extensively applied to diabetes care as a means of determining the process by which optimal outcom...

journal_title：Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

authors： Ratner RE

更新日期：1997-09-01 00:00:00